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TREATMENTS

NESA® Technology and Integrated Approach to Treatments

NESA® Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Clinical Treatment Modalities

The integrated approach with the NESA® directional electrode allows precise treatment delivery, providing global neuromodulation, with a specific focus on the central, metameric and focal approach.

CENTRAL TREATMENT

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METAMERIC TREATMENT

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FOCAL TREATMENT

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Clinical reasoning is based on peripheral neuroanatomy and the autonomic nervous system, with the aim of effectively addressing the patient's symptomatology.

CENTRAL TREATMENT

Central treatment with NESA XSIGNAL® modulates the autonomic nervous system at the level of the brachial plexus and cervical vertebrae (C5-C7), optimising sleep, relieving chronic pain and reducing stress and anxiety.

The central treatment can be used as a complement to other therapies for the global modulation of the nervous system or as a standalone therapy. A minimum of 10 sessions is recommended, adjustable according to the chronicity of the condition. It is important and advisable to conduct objective baseline assessments before starting.

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METAMERIC TREATMENT

Metameric treatment with NESA® neuromodulation focuses on specific vertebral segments to influence afferent and efferent nerves, applying the therapy non-invasively to the corresponding vertebrae.

Metameric treatment with NESA XSIGNAL® modulates the autonomic nervous system via the 31 spinal nerves, relieving neuropathic pain and improving symptoms of overactive bladder. This approach targets specific metamers, influencing the nerve branches that innervate key organs and other structures linked to the autonomic nervous system.

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FOCAL TREATMENT

Focal treatment with NESA XSIGNAL® modulates specific structures via peripheral nerves, targeting autonomic modulation. This approach optimises mechanotransduction and tissue tensegrity by directly applying the technology to pain points, trigger points, or peripheral nerves.

Focal treatment with NESA XSIGNAL® is particularly effective for the precise modulation of peripheral nerves and autonomic regulation of specific branches within the structures being treated.

This approach can be employed either as an adjunct to other therapies or as a stand-alone treatment, depending on the clinical objectives and the detailed analysis of the patient's neuroanatomy.

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Explore our specialities

Neuromodulation in rehabilitation and traumatology

Neuromodulation applications in urogynaecology

Neurology and neurorehabilitation with NESA® technology

Sports medicine and neuromodulation for recovery and performance

Mental health: support with non-invasive neuromodulation

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REFERENCIAS PAPERS  

  1. García F, Fernández D, Vázquez-Guerrero J, et al. (2022) Recovery of the physiological status in professional basketball players using NESA neuromodulation treatment during different types of microcycles in season: A preliminary randomized clinical trial. Frontiers in Physiology. 2022;13. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.1032020

  2. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., Báez-Suárez, A., & Álamo-Arce, D. (2021). Nesa Non-Invasive Neuromodulation; A New Frontier of Treatment of the Autonomous Nervous System in Physiotherapy. 4.DOI: https://www.cientperiodique.com/article/CPQOS/5/4/97

     

  3. Teruel-Hernández, E., López-Pina, J. A., Souto-Camba, S., Báez-Suárez, A., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Gómez-Conesa, A. (2023). Improving sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and cognitive function in patients with dementia by therapeutic exercise and NESA neuromodulation: A multicenter clinical trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(21), 7027. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20217027

     

  4. Báez-Suárez, A., Padrón-Rodríguez, I., Castellano-Moreno, E., González-González, E., Quintana-Montesdeoca, M. P., & Medina-Ramirez, R. I. (2023). Application of non-invasive neuromodulation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders to improve their sleep quality and constipation. BMC Pediatrics, 23(1), 465. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04307-4

     

  5. Contreras, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., Teruel-Hernandez, E., Vilchez-Barrera, M., Báez-Suárez, A., & Álamo Arce, David. (2023). Rehabilitation in Sleep, Pain, and Bladder Symptoms of NESA Neuromodulation Application in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Innovative Treatment. CPQ Medicine Journal, 15(1). https://www.cientperiodique.com/article/CPQME-15-1-439.pdf
  6. Medina-Ramírez, R., Mallol Soler, M., García, F., Pla, F., Báez-Suárez, A., Teruel Hernández, E., Álamo-Arce, D. D., & Quintana-Montesdeoca, M. d. P. (2024). Effects in sleep and recovery processes of NESA neuromodulation technique application in young professional basketball players: A preliminary study. Stresses, 4(2), 238-250. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020014

     

  7. Bonilla-Eizaguirre, M., Martín, M., Hernández-Pérez, A., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Báez-Suárez, A. (2024). Efficacy of NESA non-invasive neuromodulation in patients with post-traumatic cervicalgia. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 11(10), 474. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI

     

  8. Vega-Delgado, N., García-Rodríguez, I., Saldanha, L., Báez-Suárez, A., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Álamo-Arce, D., Hernández-Pérez, A., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2024). New frontier in sleep disorders: The rising of an innovative non-invasive neuromodulation treatment. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 11(15), 49. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2024.11150049P

     

  9. Báez-Suárez, A., Báez-Suárez, V., Saldanha, L., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Hernández-Pérez, A., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2025). Improving Sleep Quality and Well-Being in Institutionalized Older Adults: The Potential of NESA Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Treatment. Geriatrics, 10(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10010004

     

  10. VASCULAR Front. Physiol Acute sonographic changes in common carotid artery after NESA neuromodulation intervention in healthy adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1526236 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2025.1526236/abstract

     

  11. PAIN Azevedo, N., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2025). Pain and the autonomic nervous system: The role of non-invasive neuromodulation with NESA microcurrents. Frontiers in Pain Research, 6, Article 1410808. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2025.1410808 

 

CONGRESOS 

  1. Molina, F., Medina-Ramírez, R., Báez, A. Álamo-Arce, DD. (2020). Recuperación exitosa de un Síndrome Regional Complejo a través de la electroterapia de neuromodulación del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo. 58o Congreso SERMEF. Mallorca, España. http://hdl.handle.net/10553/114084 

     

  2. Medina-Ramírez. (2021). ¿Los deportistas profesionales tienen una óptima calidad del sueño? Aprender a dormir, una asignatura pendiente. XXIX Reunión Anual de la Sociedad Española del Sueño, España. 

  3. Medina-Ramírez, RI., Molina, F., Medina-Ramírez, R., Báez, A. Álamo-Arce. Tecnología NESA. Un nuevo tratamiento revolucionario en fisioterapia. Macaronesian Researcher`s night. In Horizonte 2020 Congress. 2020. Las Palmas, Spain. 

     

  4. Lledó-Amat, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., Álamo-Arce, & Arteaga-Ortiz, R. (2021). Efectos de la Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA en el tratamiento de secuelas de Ictus: A propósito de un caso. Congreso Nacional de Fisioterapia de la UMH, España. 

  5. Lledó-Amat, M., ancho-Francés, A., Medina-Ramírez, & Álamo-Arce, D. (2021). Tratamiento de la neuralgia del trigémino con Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA: A propósito de un caso. Congreso Nacional de Fisioterapia de la UMH, España. 

  6. Medina-Ramírez, R., & Roman, T. (2021). Efectos de la Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA en el tono muscular, el dolor y el sueño, en pacientes bruxistas. Aprender a dormir, una asignatura pendiente. XXI reunión Anual de la Sociedad Española del Sueño, España. 

  7. Contreras, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. I. (2021). Caso clínico de neuromodulación superficial aplicada (NESA) en pacientes con Esclerosis Múltiple. Congreso de fisioterapia nacional UMH, España 

  8. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., & Moreno, A. (2022). Potenciando la fisioterapia invasiva a través del sistema nervioso autónomo. I JORNADA PRESENCIAL Fisioterapia invasiva. Barceona, Spain.

     

  9. Cano-Uceda, A. Aparicio-Montero, P. Medina-ramírez, R. (2023) Effectiveness of non-invasive neuromodulation in improving sleep quality and stress in physiotherapy students. Multicenter study. In SPRM Congress 2023. Colombia. 

  10. Molina-Cedrés, F., González, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2022). Combining physiotherapy techniques: Treatment of plantar fasciitis with NESA neuromodulation and electrolysis. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.

     

  11. Contreras, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Molina-Cedrés. (2022). Nesa Non-invasive neuromodulation; a chance to approach Sclerosis Multiple symptoms. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.

     

  12. Báez-Suárez, A., Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, Padrón, I., Montesdeoca, M. del P., Castellano, E., & González, E. (2022). Can microcurrents help children with neurodevelopmental disorders with their defecation and sleep quality problems? The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.

     

  13. Ruíz-lópez, K., González, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2023). NESA Neuromodulation in pelvic floor and uroginecology. I NESAevent Internacional Conference. I NESAevent Internacional Conference, Madrid, Spain.

     

  14. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., Báez-Suárez, A., Álamo Arce, D., & Mallol-Soler, M. (2022). Improving sleep quality: The new frontier of physical therapy neuromodulation of the autonomic nervous system. Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia de Cataluña. Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain.

     

  15. Báez-Suárez, A., Pestana-Miranda,R. Álamo-Arce, D. Martín-Castillo, E., Medina-Ramírez, R.  (2020). Effectiveness of non-invasive neuromodulation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders to improve constipation and sleep quality. In SPRM Congress. Belgrade, Serbia.

     

  16. Zamorano, E., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2022). Face to Face. Neuromodulación percutánea versus no invasiva (sistemas inductivos de alta intensidad y NESA). V Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia Invasiva. V Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia Invasiva, Madrid, Spain. 

Otras investigaciones de neuromodulación sobre el nervio vago desde las vias altas cervicales del plexo braquial:

La estimulación del nervio vago reduce la neuroinflamación: La ENV puede promover la polarización M2 microglial a través de la regulación al alza de los receptores de acetilcolina nicotínicos alfa7 (α7nAChR), reduciendo la neuroinflamación y mejorando la recuperación de la función motora después de lesiones de la médula espinal (Chen et al., 2022).

La ENV cervical transcutánea mejora la lesión isquémica aguda: La ENV cervical no invasiva mediante electrodos superficiales que recubren el nervio vago muestra efectos terapéuticos en la reducción de la activación inmunitaria y la lesión tisular inducidas por la isquemia sin causar efectos adversos cardíacos o hemodinámicos (Ay et al., 2016).

La estimulación percutánea del nervio vago modula la neuroinflamación: Este estudio demostró que la ENV cervical dirigida mediante un novedoso enfoque percutáneo podría mejorar significativamente las respuestas cognitivas al modular la inflamación sistémica y cerebral (Huffman et al., 2019).

Estos estudios sugieren que dirigirse a la región cervical, específicamente a los niveles C6 y C7, puede comprometer eficazmente el nervio vago a través de técnicas neuromoduladoras para lograr beneficios terapéuticos en diversas afecciones neurológicas. Los hallazgos apoyan la colocación y el mecanismo de las técnicas de neuromodulación como las utilizadas en el método de Tratamiento Central, proporcionando una base sustancial para sus aplicaciones clínicas en la mejora de la función del sistema autonómico.

REFERENCIAS PAPERS  

  1. García F, Fernández D, Vázquez-Guerrero J, et al. (2022) Recovery of the physiological status in professional basketball players using NESA neuromodulation treatment during different types of microcycles in season: A preliminary randomized clinical trial. Frontiers in Physiology. 2022;13. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.1032020
  2. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., Báez-Suárez, A., & Álamo-Arce, D. (2021). Nesa Non-Invasive Neuromodulation; A New Frontier of Treatment of the Autonomous Nervous System in Physiotherapy. 4.DOI: https://www.cientperiodique.com/article/CPQOS/5/4/97
  3. Teruel-Hernández, E., López-Pina, J. A., Souto-Camba, S., Báez-Suárez, A., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Gómez-Conesa, A. (2023). Improving sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and cognitive function in patients with dementia by therapeutic exercise and NESA neuromodulation: A multicenter clinical trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(21), 7027. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20217027
  4. Báez-Suárez, A., Padrón-Rodríguez, I., Castellano-Moreno, E., González-González, E., Quintana-Montesdeoca, M. P., & Medina-Ramirez, R. I. (2023). Application of non-invasive neuromodulation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders to improve their sleep quality and constipation. BMC Pediatrics, 23(1), 465. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04307-4
  5. Contreras, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., Teruel-Hernandez, E., Vilchez-Barrera, M., Báez-Suárez, A., & Álamo Arce, David. (2023). Rehabilitation in Sleep, Pain, and Bladder Symptoms of NESA Neuromodulation Application in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Innovative Treatment. CPQ Medicine Journal, 15(1). https://www.cientperiodique.com/article/CPQME-15-1-439.pdf
  6. Medina-Ramírez, R., Mallol Soler, M., García, F., Pla, F., Báez-Suárez, A., Teruel Hernández, E., Álamo-Arce, D. D., & Quintana-Montesdeoca, M. d. P. (2024). Effects in sleep and recovery processes of NESA neuromodulation technique application in young professional basketball players: A preliminary study. Stresses, 4(2), 238-250. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020014
  7. Bonilla-Eizaguirre, M., Martín, M., Hernández-Pérez, A., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Báez-Suárez, A. (2024). Efficacy of NESA non-invasive neuromodulation in patients with post-traumatic cervicalgia. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 11(10), 474. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI
  8. Vega-Delgado, N., García-Rodríguez, I., Saldanha, L., Báez-Suárez, A., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Álamo-Arce, D., Hernández-Pérez, A., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2024). New frontier in sleep disorders: The rising of an innovative non-invasive neuromodulation treatment. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 11(15), 49. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2024.11150049P
  9. Báez-Suárez, A., Báez-Suárez, V., Saldanha, L., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Hernández-Pérez, A., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2025). Improving Sleep Quality and Well-Being in Institutionalized Older Adults: The Potential of NESA Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Treatment. Geriatrics, 10(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10010004
  10. VASCULAR Front. Physiol Acute sonographic changes in common carotid artery after NESA neuromodulation intervention in healthy adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1526236 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2025.1526236/abstract
  11. PAIN Azevedo, N., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2025). Pain and the autonomic nervous system: The role of non-invasive neuromodulation with NESA microcurrents. Frontiers in Pain Research, 6, Article 1410808. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2025.1410808 

CONGRESOS 

  1. Molina, F., Medina-Ramírez, R., Báez, A. Álamo-Arce, DD. (2020). Recuperación exitosa de un Síndrome Regional Complejo a través de la electroterapia de neuromodulación del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo. 58o Congreso SERMEF. Mallorca, España. http://hdl.handle.net/10553/114084 
  2. Medina-Ramírez. (2021). ¿Los deportistas profesionales tienen una óptima calidad del sueño? Aprender a dormir, una asignatura pendiente. XXIX Reunión Anual de la Sociedad Española del Sueño, España. 

  3. Medina-Ramírez, RI., Molina, F., Medina-Ramírez, R., Báez, A. Álamo-Arce. Tecnología NESA. Un nuevo tratamiento revolucionario en fisioterapia. Macaronesian Researcher`s night. In Horizonte 2020 Congress. 2020. Las Palmas, Spain. 
  4. Lledó-Amat, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., Álamo-Arce, & Arteaga-Ortiz, R. (2021). Efectos de la Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA en el tratamiento de secuelas de Ictus: A propósito de un caso. Congreso Nacional de Fisioterapia de la UMH, España. 

  5. Lledó-Amat, M., ancho-Francés, A., Medina-Ramírez, & Álamo-Arce, D. (2021). Tratamiento de la neuralgia del trigémino con Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA: A propósito de un caso. Congreso Nacional de Fisioterapia de la UMH, España. 

  6. Medina-Ramírez, R., & Roman, T. (2021). Efectos de la Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA en el tono muscular, el dolor y el sueño, en pacientes bruxistas. Aprender a dormir, una asignatura pendiente. XXI reunión Anual de la Sociedad Española del Sueño, España. 

  7. Contreras, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. I. (2021). Caso clínico de neuromodulación superficial aplicada (NESA) en pacientes con Esclerosis Múltiple. Congreso de fisioterapia nacional UMH, España 

  8. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., & Moreno, A. (2022). Potenciando la fisioterapia invasiva a través del sistema nervioso autónomo. I JORNADA PRESENCIAL Fisioterapia invasiva. Barceona, Spain.
  9. Cano-Uceda, A. Aparicio-Montero, P. Medina-ramírez, R. (2023) Effectiveness of non-invasive neuromodulation in improving sleep quality and stress in physiotherapy students. Multicenter study. In SPRM Congress 2023. Colombia. 

  10. Molina-Cedrés, F., González, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2022). Combining physiotherapy techniques: Treatment of plantar fasciitis with NESA neuromodulation and electrolysis. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.
  11. Contreras, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Molina-Cedrés. (2022). Nesa Non-invasive neuromodulation; a chance to approach Sclerosis Multiple symptoms. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.
  12. Báez-Suárez, A., Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, Padrón, I., Montesdeoca, M. del P., Castellano, E., & González, E. (2022). Can microcurrents help children with neurodevelopmental disorders with their defecation and sleep quality problems? The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.
  13. Ruíz-lópez, K., González, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2023). NESA Neuromodulation in pelvic floor and uroginecology. I NESAevent Internacional Conference. I NESAevent Internacional Conference, Madrid, Spain.
  14. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., Báez-Suárez, A., Álamo Arce, D., & Mallol-Soler, M. (2022). Improving sleep quality: The new frontier of physical therapy neuromodulation of the autonomic nervous system. Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia de Cataluña. Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain.
  15. Báez-Suárez, A., Pestana-Miranda,R. Álamo-Arce, D. Martín-Castillo, E., Medina-Ramírez, R.  (2020). Effectiveness of non-invasive neuromodulation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders to improve constipation and sleep quality. In SPRM Congress. Belgrade, Serbia.
  16. Zamorano, E., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2022). Face to Face. Neuromodulación percutánea versus no invasiva (sistemas inductivos de alta intensidad y NESA). V Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia Invasiva. V Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia Invasiva, Madrid, Spain. 

Otras investigaciones de neuromodulación sobre el sistema nervioso desde las metámeras:

Impacto de la neuromodulación en el sistema nervioso autónomo: Estudios como los de Sobocki et al. (2013) demuestran que la neuromodulación a niveles cervicales específicos puede alterar significativamente la actividad autonómica, impactando en la masa corporal y en la actividad del sistema nervioso autónomo al modificar el tono parasimpático (Sobocki et al., 2013).

Desarrollo histórico y uso contemporáneo de la neuromodulación en la lesión medular humana: Esta revisión discute la historia y los avances recientes en la neuromodulación de la médula espinal en humanos, destacando la evidencia del potencial terapéutico y los mecanismos que apoyan los tratamientos clínicos para la recuperación de las funciones motoras, cardiovasculares y de la vejiga después de la lesión. (Harkema, Angeli y Gerasimenko, 2022).

Arritmia cardiaca y sistema nervioso autónomo: La investigación indica que la neuromodulación dirigida, en particular a raices nerviosas a la que afecta al equilibrio autonómico, puede ser una estrategia terapéutica para afecciones como las arritmias, lo que sugiere implicaciones más amplias para la modulación autonómica (Hou et al., 2016).

Amplias aplicaciones de la neuromodulación: Los conocimientos sobre el papel de la modulación del sistema nervioso autónomo a través de técnicas de neuromodulación destacan su potencial en el tratamiento de una amplia gama de afecciones, desde trastornos metabólicos hasta enfermedades inflamatorias, como analizan Horn et al. (2019) (Horn et al., 2019).

Neuromodulación sacra para el dolor pélvico crónico:
Taghva, A., Romer, J., & Barolat, G. (2015). Electromiografía intraoperatoria como complemento de la neuromodulación sacra para el dolor pélvico crónico. Neuromodulation: Tecnología en la interfaz neural, 18. Este estudio explora el uso de la electromiografía intraoperatoria para ayudar a la neuromodulación sacra en el tratamiento del dolor pélvico y anorrectal crónico (Taghva et al., 2015).

Neuromodulación sacra para problemas genitourinarios:
Banakhar, M., & Hassouna, M. (2015). Neuromodulación sacra para problemas genitourinarios. Avances en cirugía neurológica, 29, 192-199. Revisa la aplicación de la neuromodulación sacra en el tratamiento de diversos trastornos genitourinarios, centrándose en la técnica y los resultados (Banakhar & Hassouna, 2015).

Neuromodulación sacra en urología y proctología:
Vaarala, M., Luukkonen, P., Tammela, T., & Hellström, P. (2011). [Neuromodulación en urología y proctología]. Duodecim; laaketieteellinen aikakauskirja, 127(7), 683-690. Este artículo analiza el uso de la neuromodulación en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria, la incontinencia fecal y otras afecciones relacionadas con la urología y la proctología (Vaarala et al., 2011).

La investigación destaca la capacidad de estos electrodos para registrar señales de electroneurograma frénico (ENG) de alta calidad, lo que demuestra su potencial en sistemas de neuromodulación de bucle cerrado (Avdeew et al., 2021).

REFERENCIAS PAPERS  

  1. García F, Fernández D, Vázquez-Guerrero J, et al. (2022) Recovery of the physiological status in professional basketball players using NESA neuromodulation treatment during different types of microcycles in season: A preliminary randomized clinical trial. Frontiers in Physiology. 2022;13. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.1032020
  2. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., Báez-Suárez, A., & Álamo-Arce, D. (2021). Nesa Non-Invasive Neuromodulation; A New Frontier of Treatment of the Autonomous Nervous System in Physiotherapy. 4.DOI: https://www.cientperiodique.com/article/CPQOS/5/4/97
  3. Teruel-Hernández, E., López-Pina, J. A., Souto-Camba, S., Báez-Suárez, A., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Gómez-Conesa, A. (2023). Improving sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and cognitive function in patients with dementia by therapeutic exercise and NESA neuromodulation: A multicenter clinical trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(21), 7027. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20217027
  4. Báez-Suárez, A., Padrón-Rodríguez, I., Castellano-Moreno, E., González-González, E., Quintana-Montesdeoca, M. P., & Medina-Ramirez, R. I. (2023). Application of non-invasive neuromodulation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders to improve their sleep quality and constipation. BMC Pediatrics, 23(1), 465. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04307-4
  5. Contreras, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., Teruel-Hernandez, E., Vilchez-Barrera, M., Báez-Suárez, A., & Álamo Arce, David. (2023). Rehabilitation in Sleep, Pain, and Bladder Symptoms of NESA Neuromodulation Application in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Innovative Treatment. CPQ Medicine Journal, 15(1). https://www.cientperiodique.com/article/CPQME-15-1-439.pdf
  6. Medina-Ramírez, R., Mallol Soler, M., García, F., Pla, F., Báez-Suárez, A., Teruel Hernández, E., Álamo-Arce, D. D., & Quintana-Montesdeoca, M. d. P. (2024). Effects in sleep and recovery processes of NESA neuromodulation technique application in young professional basketball players: A preliminary study. Stresses, 4(2), 238-250. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020014
  7. Bonilla-Eizaguirre, M., Martín, M., Hernández-Pérez, A., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Báez-Suárez, A. (2024). Efficacy of NESA non-invasive neuromodulation in patients with post-traumatic cervicalgia. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 11(10), 474. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI
  8. Vega-Delgado, N., García-Rodríguez, I., Saldanha, L., Báez-Suárez, A., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Álamo-Arce, D., Hernández-Pérez, A., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2024). New frontier in sleep disorders: The rising of an innovative non-invasive neuromodulation treatment. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 11(15), 49. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2024.11150049P
  9. Báez-Suárez, A., Báez-Suárez, V., Saldanha, L., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Hernández-Pérez, A., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2025). Improving Sleep Quality and Well-Being in Institutionalized Older Adults: The Potential of NESA Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Treatment. Geriatrics, 10(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10010004
  10. VASCULAR Front. Physiol Acute sonographic changes in common carotid artery after NESA neuromodulation intervention in healthy adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1526236 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2025.1526236/abstract
  11. PAIN Azevedo, N., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2025). Pain and the autonomic nervous system: The role of non-invasive neuromodulation with NESA microcurrents. Frontiers in Pain Research, 6, Article 1410808. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2025.1410808 

CONGRESOS 

  1. Molina, F., Medina-Ramírez, R., Báez, A. Álamo-Arce, DD. (2020). Recuperación exitosa de un Síndrome Regional Complejo a través de la electroterapia de neuromodulación del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo. 58o Congreso SERMEF. Mallorca, España. http://hdl.handle.net/10553/114084 
  2. Medina-Ramírez. (2021). ¿Los deportistas profesionales tienen una óptima calidad del sueño? Aprender a dormir, una asignatura pendiente. XXIX Reunión Anual de la Sociedad Española del Sueño, España. 

  3. Medina-Ramírez, RI., Molina, F., Medina-Ramírez, R., Báez, A. Álamo-Arce. Tecnología NESA. Un nuevo tratamiento revolucionario en fisioterapia. Macaronesian Researcher`s night. In Horizonte 2020 Congress. 2020. Las Palmas, Spain. 
  4. Lledó-Amat, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., Álamo-Arce, & Arteaga-Ortiz, R. (2021). Efectos de la Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA en el tratamiento de secuelas de Ictus: A propósito de un caso. Congreso Nacional de Fisioterapia de la UMH, España. 

  5. Lledó-Amat, M., ancho-Francés, A., Medina-Ramírez, & Álamo-Arce, D. (2021). Tratamiento de la neuralgia del trigémino con Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA: A propósito de un caso. Congreso Nacional de Fisioterapia de la UMH, España. 

  6. Medina-Ramírez, R., & Roman, T. (2021). Efectos de la Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA en el tono muscular, el dolor y el sueño, en pacientes bruxistas. Aprender a dormir, una asignatura pendiente. XXI reunión Anual de la Sociedad Española del Sueño, España. 

  7. Contreras, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. I. (2021). Caso clínico de neuromodulación superficial aplicada (NESA) en pacientes con Esclerosis Múltiple. Congreso de fisioterapia nacional UMH, España 

  8. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., & Moreno, A. (2022). Potenciando la fisioterapia invasiva a través del sistema nervioso autónomo. I JORNADA PRESENCIAL Fisioterapia invasiva. Barceona, Spain.
  9. Cano-Uceda, A. Aparicio-Montero, P. Medina-ramírez, R. (2023) Effectiveness of non-invasive neuromodulation in improving sleep quality and stress in physiotherapy students. Multicenter study. In SPRM Congress 2023. Colombia. 

  10. Molina-Cedrés, F., González, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2022). Combining physiotherapy techniques: Treatment of plantar fasciitis with NESA neuromodulation and electrolysis. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.
  11. Contreras, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Molina-Cedrés. (2022). Nesa Non-invasive neuromodulation; a chance to approach Sclerosis Multiple symptoms. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.
  12. Báez-Suárez, A., Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, Padrón, I., Montesdeoca, M. del P., Castellano, E., & González, E. (2022). Can microcurrents help children with neurodevelopmental disorders with their defecation and sleep quality problems? The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.
  13. Ruíz-lópez, K., González, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2023). NESA Neuromodulation in pelvic floor and uroginecology. I NESAevent Internacional Conference. I NESAevent Internacional Conference, Madrid, Spain.
  14. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., Báez-Suárez, A., Álamo Arce, D., & Mallol-Soler, M. (2022). Improving sleep quality: The new frontier of physical therapy neuromodulation of the autonomic nervous system. Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia de Cataluña. Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain.
  15. Báez-Suárez, A., Pestana-Miranda,R. Álamo-Arce, D. Martín-Castillo, E., Medina-Ramírez, R.  (2020). Effectiveness of non-invasive neuromodulation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders to improve constipation and sleep quality. In SPRM Congress. Belgrade, Serbia.
  16. Zamorano, E., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2022). Face to Face. Neuromodulación percutánea versus no invasiva (sistemas inductivos de alta intensidad y NESA). V Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia Invasiva. V Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia Invasiva, Madrid, Spain. 

 

Otras investigaciones de neuromodulación sobre el sistema nervioso desde las vias nerviosas periféricas :

La microneurografía como herramienta de la neurofisiología clínica: Este estudio destaca la capacidad de la microneurografía para investigar el tráfico neuronal periférico, proporcionando información directa sobre el control neuronal de los órganos efectores autónomos, como los vasos sanguíneos y las glándulas sudoríparas, que son cruciales para comprender los mecanismos de neuromodulación periférica (Mano, Iwase y Toma, 2006).


Neuropatía autonómica periférica: Contribución diagnóstica de la biopsia cutánea: Esta investigación hace hincapié en el uso de la biopsia cutánea para determinar la morfología de las fibras simpáticas y diagnosticar la neuropatía autonómica, lo que ilustra la relevancia de los estudios de tejidos periféricos en la neuromodulación (Donadio et al., 2012).

El sistema nervioso autónomo como objetivo para la estratificación del riesgo, la predicción de resultados y la neuromodulación en el ictus isquémico: Este estudio analiza la importancia pronóstica de la función del sistema nervioso autónomo en el ictus isquémico y explora las posibilidades terapéuticas de la estimulación del nervio vago (ENV) en el tratamiento del ictus. La ENV ha demostrado su potencial tanto en entornos preclínicos como clínicos debido a sus efectos antiinflamatorios, antioxidantes y antiapoptóticos mediados por los receptores α7 nicotínicos de acetilcolina (Carandina et al., 2021).

La estimulación transcutánea del nervio vago (tVNS) como posible aplicación terapéutica para los trastornos neurodegenerativos – Un enfoque en la disautonomía en la enfermedad de Parkinson: Este artículo examina el papel del nervio vago en la patogénesis de la enfermedad de Parkinson y el potencial de la tVNS para modular la disfunción autonómica en los trastornos neurodegenerativos. El estudio destaca la importancia de la detección precoz y la neuromodulación del nervio vago en el tratamiento de los primeros síntomas de la enfermedad, como la disautonomía (Ko, 2021).

Neuromodulación para enfermedades funcionales gastrointestinales superiores: Esta minirrevista analiza diversos métodos de neuromodulación, incluida la estimulación eléctrica directa de nervios periféricos como el nervio vago y la estimulación eléctrica no invasiva/transcutánea, centrándose en sus aplicaciones en el tratamiento de enfermedades del tracto gastrointestinal superior como la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico, la dispepsia funcional y la gastroparesia (Chen, 2023).

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REFERENCES PAPERS

  1. García F, Fernández D, Vázquez-Guerrero J, et al. (2022) Recovery of the physiological status in professional basketball players using NESA neuromodulation treatment during different types of microcycles in season: A preliminary randomized clinical trial.Frontiers in Physiology. 2022;13.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.1032020

  2. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., Báez-Suárez, A., & Álamo-Arce, D. (2021). Nesa Non-Invasive Neuromodulation; A New Frontier of Treatment of the Autonomous Nervous System in Physiotherapy. 4.DOI: https://www.cientperiodique.com/article/CPQOS/5/4/97

  3. Teruel-Hernández, E., López-Pina, J. A., Souto-Camba, S., Báez-Suárez, A., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Gómez-Conesa, A. (2023). Improving sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and cognitive function in patients with dementia by therapeutic exercise and NESA neuromodulation: A multicenter clinical trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(21), 7027. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20217027

  4. Báez-Suárez, A., Padrón-Rodríguez, I., Castellano-Moreno, E., González-González, E., Quintana-Montesdeoca, M. P., & Medina-Ramirez, R. I. (2023). Application of non-invasive neuromodulation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders to improve their sleep quality and constipation. BMC Pediatrics, 23(1), 465. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04307-4

  5. Contreras, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., Teruel-Hernandez, E., Vilchez-Barrera, M., Báez-Suárez, A., & Álamo Arce, David. (2023). Rehabilitation in Sleep, Pain, and Bladder Symptoms of NESA Neuromodulation Application in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Innovative Treatment. CPQ Medicine Journal, 15(1). https://www.cientperiodique.com/article/CPQME-15-1-439.pdf
  6. Medina-Ramírez, R., Mallol Soler, M., García, F., Pla, F., Báez-Suárez, A., Teruel Hernández, E., Álamo-Arce, D. D., & Quintana-Montesdeoca, M. d. P. (2024). Effects in sleep and recovery processes of NESA neuromodulation technique application in young professional basketball players: A preliminary study. Stresses, 4(2), 238-250. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020014

  7. Bonilla-Eizaguirre, M., Martín, M., Hernández-Pérez, A., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Báez-Suárez, A. (2024). Efficacy of NESA non-invasive neuromodulation in patients with post-traumatic cervicalgia. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 11(10), 474. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI

  8. Vega-Delgado, N., García-Rodríguez, I., Saldanha, L., Báez-Suárez, A., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Álamo-Arce, D., Hernández-Pérez, A., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2024). New frontier in sleep disorders: The rising of an innovative non-invasive neuromodulation treatment. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 11(15), 49. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2024.11150049P

  9. Báez-Suárez, A., Báez-Suárez, V., Saldanha, L., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Hernández-Pérez, A., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2025). Improving Sleep Quality and Well-Being in Institutionalized Older Adults: The Potential of NESA Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Treatment. Geriatrics, 10(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10010004

  10. VASCULAR Front. Physiol Acute sonographic changes in common carotid artery after NESA neuromodulation intervention in healthy adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1526236
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2025.1526236/abstract

  11. PAIN Azevedo, N., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2025). Pain and the autonomic nervous system: The role of non-invasive neuromodulation with NESA microcurrents. Frontiers in Pain Research, 6, Article 1410808. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2025.1410808

CONFERENCES

  1. Molina, F., Medina-Ramírez, R., Báez, A. Álamo-Arce, DD. (2020). Recuperación exitosa de un Síndrome Regional Complejo a través de la electroterapia de neuromodulación del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo. 58o Congreso SERMEF. Mallorca, España.http://hdl.handle.net/10553/114084

  2. Medina-Ramírez. (2021). ¿Los deportistas profesionales tienen una óptima calidad del sueño?Aprender a dormir, una asignatura pendiente. XXIX Reunión Anual de la Sociedad Española del Sueño, España.

  3. Medina-Ramírez, RI., Molina, F., Medina-Ramírez, R., Báez, A. Álamo-Arce. Tecnología NESA. Un nuevo tratamiento revolucionario en fisioterapia. Macaronesian Researcher`s night. In Horizonte 2020 Congress. 2020. Las Palmas, Spain.

  4. Lledó-Amat, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., Álamo-Arce, & Arteaga-Ortiz, R. (2021). Efectos de la Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA en el tratamiento de secuelas de Ictus: A propósito de un caso. Congreso Nacional de Fisioterapia de la UMH, España.

  5. Lledó-Amat, M., ancho-Francés, A., Medina-Ramírez, & Álamo-Arce, D. (2021). Tratamiento de la neuralgia del trigémino con Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA: A propósito de un caso. Congreso Nacional de Fisioterapia de la UMH, España.

  6. Medina-Ramírez, R., & Roman, T. (2021). Efectos de la Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA en el tono muscular, el dolor y el sueño, en pacientes bruxistas.Aprender a dormir, una asignatura pendiente. XXI reunión Anual de la Sociedad Española del Sueño, España.

  7. Contreras, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. I. (2021). Caso clínico de neuromodulación superficial aplicada (NESA) en pacientes con Esclerosis Múltiple. Congreso de fisioterapia nacional UMH, España

  8. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., & Moreno, A. (2022). Potenciando la fisioterapia invasiva a través del sistema nervioso autónomo. I JORNADA PRESENCIAL Fisioterapia invasiva. Barceona, Spain.

  9. Cano-Uceda, A. Aparicio-Montero, P. Medina-ramírez, R. (2023) Effectiveness of non-invasive neuromodulation in improving sleep quality and stress in physiotherapy students. Multicenter study. In SPRM Congress 2023. Colombia.

  10. Molina-Cedrés, F., González, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2022). Combining physiotherapy techniques: Treatment of plantar fasciitis with NESA neuromodulation and electrolysis. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.

  11. Contreras, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Molina-Cedrés. (2022). Nesa Non-invasive neuromodulation; a chance to approach Sclerosis Multiple symptoms. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.

  12. Báez-Suárez, A., Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, Padrón, I., Montesdeoca, M. del P., Castellano, E., & González, E. (2022). Can microcurrents help children with neurodevelopmental disorders with their defecation and sleep quality problems? The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.

  13. Ruíz-lópez, K., González, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2023). NESA Neuromodulation in pelvic floor and uroginecology. I NESAevent Internacional Conference. I NESAevent Internacional Conference, Madrid, Spain.

  14. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., Báez-Suárez, A., Álamo Arce, D., & Mallol-Soler, M. (2022). Improving sleep quality: The new frontier of physical therapy neuromodulation of the autonomic nervous system. Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia de Cataluña. Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain.

  15. Báez-Suárez, A., Pestana-Miranda,R. Álamo-Arce, D. Martín-Castillo, E., Medina-Ramírez, R.(2020). Effectiveness of non-invasive neuromodulation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders to improve constipation and sleep quality. In SPRM Congress. Belgrade, Serbia.

  16. Zamorano, E., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2022). Face to Face. Neuromodulación percutánea versus no invasiva (sistemas inductivos de alta intensidad y NESA). V Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia Invasiva. V Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia Invasiva, Madrid, Spain.

Other investigations of neuromodulation on the vagus nerve from the upper cervical tracts of the brachial plexus:

Stimulation of the vagus nerve reduces neuroinflammation: VNS can promote M2 microglial polarisation through upregulation of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR), reducing neuroinflammation and improving recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury (Chen et al., 2022).

Transcutaneous cervical VNS improves acute ischaemic injury: Non-invasive cervical VNS using superficial electrodes that cover the vagus nerve shows therapeutic effects in reducing immune activation and tissue injury induced by ischaemia without causing adverse cardiac or haemodynamic effects (Ay et al., 2016).

Percutaneous stimulation of the vagus nerve modulates neuroinflammation: This study demonstrated that cervical VNS guided by a novel percutaneous approach could significantly improve cognitive responses by modulating systemic and cerebral inflammation (Huffman et al., 2019).

These studies suggest that targeting the cervical region, specifically levels C6 and C7, can effectively compromise the vagus nerve through neuromodulatory techniques to achieve therapeutic benefits in various neurological conditions. The findings support the placement and the mechanism of neuromodulation techniques such as those used in the Central Treatment method, providing a substantial basis for their clinical applications in improving the function of the autonomic system.

REFERENCES PAPERS

  1. García F, Fernández D, Vázquez-Guerrero J, et al. (2022) Recovery of the physiological status in professional basketball players using NESA neuromodulation treatment during different types of microcycles in season: A preliminary randomized clinical trial.Frontiers in Physiology. 2022;13.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.1032020
  2. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., Báez-Suárez, A., & Álamo-Arce, D. (2021). Nesa Non-Invasive Neuromodulation; A New Frontier of Treatment of the Autonomous Nervous System in Physiotherapy. 4.DOI: https://www.cientperiodique.com/article/CPQOS/5/4/97
  3. Teruel-Hernández, E., López-Pina, J. A., Souto-Camba, S., Báez-Suárez, A., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Gómez-Conesa, A. (2023). Improving sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and cognitive function in patients with dementia by therapeutic exercise and NESA neuromodulation: A multicenter clinical trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(21), 7027. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20217027
  4. Báez-Suárez, A., Padrón-Rodríguez, I., Castellano-Moreno, E., González-González, E., Quintana-Montesdeoca, M. P., & Medina-Ramirez, R. I. (2023). Application of non-invasive neuromodulation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders to improve their sleep quality and constipation. BMC Pediatrics, 23(1), 465. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04307-4
  5. Contreras, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., Teruel-Hernandez, E., Vilchez-Barrera, M., Báez-Suárez, A., & Álamo Arce, David. (2023). Rehabilitation in Sleep, Pain, and Bladder Symptoms of NESA Neuromodulation Application in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Innovative Treatment. CPQ Medicine Journal, 15(1). https://www.cientperiodique.com/article/CPQME-15-1-439.pdf
  6. Medina-Ramírez, R., Mallol Soler, M., García, F., Pla, F., Báez-Suárez, A., Teruel Hernández, E., Álamo-Arce, D. D., & Quintana-Montesdeoca, M. d. P. (2024). Effects in sleep and recovery processes of NESA neuromodulation technique application in young professional basketball players: A preliminary study. Stresses, 4(2), 238-250. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020014
  7. Bonilla-Eizaguirre, M., Martín, M., Hernández-Pérez, A., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Báez-Suárez, A. (2024). Efficacy of NESA non-invasive neuromodulation in patients with post-traumatic cervicalgia. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 11(10), 474. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI
  8. Vega-Delgado, N., García-Rodríguez, I., Saldanha, L., Báez-Suárez, A., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Álamo-Arce, D., Hernández-Pérez, A., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2024). New frontier in sleep disorders: The rising of an innovative non-invasive neuromodulation treatment. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 11(15), 49. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2024.11150049P
  9. Báez-Suárez, A., Báez-Suárez, V., Saldanha, L., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Hernández-Pérez, A., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2025). Improving Sleep Quality and Well-Being in Institutionalized Older Adults: The Potential of NESA Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Treatment. Geriatrics, 10(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10010004
  10. VASCULAR Front. Physiol Acute sonographic changes in common carotid artery after NESA neuromodulation intervention in healthy adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1526236
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2025.1526236/abstract
  11. PAIN Azevedo, N., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2025). Pain and the autonomic nervous system: The role of non-invasive neuromodulation with NESA microcurrents. Frontiers in Pain Research, 6, Article 1410808. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2025.1410808

CONFERENCES

  1. Molina, F., Medina-Ramírez, R., Báez, A. Álamo-Arce, DD. (2020). Recuperación exitosa de un Síndrome Regional Complejo a través de la electroterapia de neuromodulación del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo. 58o Congreso SERMEF. Mallorca, España.http://hdl.handle.net/10553/114084
  2. Medina-Ramírez. (2021). ¿Los deportistas profesionales tienen una óptima calidad del sueño?Aprender a dormir, una asignatura pendiente. XXIX Reunión Anual de la Sociedad Española del Sueño, España.

  3. Medina-Ramírez, RI., Molina, F., Medina-Ramírez, R., Báez, A. Álamo-Arce. Tecnología NESA. Un nuevo tratamiento revolucionario en fisioterapia. Macaronesian Researcher`s night. In Horizonte 2020 Congress. 2020. Las Palmas, Spain.
  4. Lledó-Amat, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., Álamo-Arce, & Arteaga-Ortiz, R. (2021). Efectos de la Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA en el tratamiento de secuelas de Ictus: A propósito de un caso. Congreso Nacional de Fisioterapia de la UMH, España.

  5. Lledó-Amat, M., ancho-Francés, A., Medina-Ramírez, & Álamo-Arce, D. (2021). Tratamiento de la neuralgia del trigémino con Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA: A propósito de un caso. Congreso Nacional de Fisioterapia de la UMH, España.

  6. Medina-Ramírez, R., & Roman, T. (2021). Efectos de la Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA en el tono muscular, el dolor y el sueño, en pacientes bruxistas.Aprender a dormir, una asignatura pendiente. XXI reunión Anual de la Sociedad Española del Sueño, España.

  7. Contreras, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. I. (2021). Caso clínico de neuromodulación superficial aplicada (NESA) en pacientes con Esclerosis Múltiple. Congreso de fisioterapia nacional UMH, España

  8. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., & Moreno, A. (2022). Potenciando la fisioterapia invasiva a través del sistema nervioso autónomo. I JORNADA PRESENCIAL Fisioterapia invasiva. Barceona, Spain.
  9. Cano-Uceda, A. Aparicio-Montero, P. Medina-ramírez, R. (2023) Effectiveness of non-invasive neuromodulation in improving sleep quality and stress in physiotherapy students. Multicenter study. In SPRM Congress 2023. Colombia.

  10. Molina-Cedrés, F., González, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2022). Combining physiotherapy techniques: Treatment of plantar fasciitis with NESA neuromodulation and electrolysis. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.
  11. Contreras, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Molina-Cedrés. (2022). Nesa Non-invasive neuromodulation; a chance to approach Sclerosis Multiple symptoms. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.
  12. Báez-Suárez, A., Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, Padrón, I., Montesdeoca, M. del P., Castellano, E., & González, E. (2022). Can microcurrents help children with neurodevelopmental disorders with their defecation and sleep quality problems? The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.
  13. Ruíz-lópez, K., González, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2023). NESA Neuromodulation in pelvic floor and uroginecology. I NESAevent Internacional Conference. I NESAevent Internacional Conference, Madrid, Spain.
  14. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., Báez-Suárez, A., Álamo Arce, D., & Mallol-Soler, M. (2022). Improving sleep quality: The new frontier of physical therapy neuromodulation of the autonomic nervous system. Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia de Cataluña. Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain.
  15. Báez-Suárez, A., Pestana-Miranda,R. Álamo-Arce, D. Martín-Castillo, E., Medina-Ramírez, R.(2020). Effectiveness of non-invasive neuromodulation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders to improve constipation and sleep quality. In SPRM Congress. Belgrade, Serbia.
  16. Zamorano, E., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2022). Face to Face. Neuromodulación percutánea versus no invasiva (sistemas inductivos de alta intensidad y NESA). V Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia Invasiva. V Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia Invasiva, Madrid, Spain.

Other neuromodulation research on the nervous system from metamers:

Impact of neuromodulation on the autonomic nervous system: Studies such as those by Sobocki et al. (2013) show that neuromodulation at specific cervical levels can significantly alter autonomic activity, impacting on body mass and autonomic nervous system activity by modifying parasympathetic tone (Sobocki et al., 2013).

Historical development and contemporary use of neuromodulation in human spinal cord injury: This review discusses the history and recent advances in spinal cord neuromodulation in humans, highlighting evidence of therapeutic potential and mechanisms that support clinical treatments for recovery of motor, cardiovascular and bladder functions after injury. (Harkema, Angeli y Gerasimenko, 2022).

Cardiac arrhythmia and the autonomic nervous system: Research indicates that neuromodulation directed, in particular, at nerve roots affecting autonomic balance, may be a therapeutic strategy for conditions such as arrhythmias, suggesting broader implications for autonomic modulation (Hou et al., 2016).

Wide-ranging applications of neuromodulation: Knowledge about the role of autonomic nervous system modulation through neuromodulation techniques highlights its potential in the treatment of a wide range of conditions, from metabolic disorders to inflammatory diseases, as analysed by Horn et al. (2019) (Horn et al., 2019).

Sacral neuromodulation for chronic pelvic pain:
Taghva, A., Romer, J., & Barolat, G. (2015). Intraoperative electromyography as a complement to sacral neuromodulation for chronic pelvic pain. Neuromodulation: Technology at the neural interface, 18. This study explores the use of intraoperative electromyography to aid sacral neuromodulation in the treatment of chronic pelvic and anorectal pain (Taghva et al., 2015).

Sacral neuromodulation for genitourinary problems:
Banakhar, M., & Hassouna, M. (2015). Sacral neuromodulation for genitourinary problems. Advances in neurological surgery, 29, 192-199. It reviews the application of sacral neuromodulation in the treatment of various genitourinary disorders, focusing on the technique and the results (Banakhar & Hassouna, 2015).

Sacral neuromodulation in urology and proctology:
Vaarala, M., Luukkonen, P., Tammela, T., & Hellström, P. (2011). [Neuromodulación en urología y proctología]. Duodecim; laaketieteellinen aikakauskirja, 127(7), 683-690. This article analyses the use of neuromodulation in the treatment of urinary incontinence, faecal incontinence and other conditions related to urology and proctology (Vaarala et al., 2011).

The research highlights the capacity of these electrodes to record high-quality phrenic electro-neurogram (ENG) signals, demonstrating their potential in closed-loop neuromodulation systems (Avdeew et al., 2021).

REFERENCES PAPERS

  1. García F, Fernández D, Vázquez-Guerrero J, et al. (2022) Recovery of the physiological status in professional basketball players using NESA neuromodulation treatment during different types of microcycles in season: A preliminary randomized clinical trial.Frontiers in Physiology. 2022;13.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.1032020
  2. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., Báez-Suárez, A., & Álamo-Arce, D. (2021). Nesa Non-Invasive Neuromodulation; A New Frontier of Treatment of the Autonomous Nervous System in Physiotherapy. 4.DOI: https://www.cientperiodique.com/article/CPQOS/5/4/97
  3. Teruel-Hernández, E., López-Pina, J. A., Souto-Camba, S., Báez-Suárez, A., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Gómez-Conesa, A. (2023). Improving sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and cognitive function in patients with dementia by therapeutic exercise and NESA neuromodulation: A multicenter clinical trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(21), 7027. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20217027
  4. Báez-Suárez, A., Padrón-Rodríguez, I., Castellano-Moreno, E., González-González, E., Quintana-Montesdeoca, M. P., & Medina-Ramirez, R. I. (2023). Application of non-invasive neuromodulation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders to improve their sleep quality and constipation. BMC Pediatrics, 23(1), 465. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04307-4
  5. Contreras, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., Teruel-Hernandez, E., Vilchez-Barrera, M., Báez-Suárez, A., & Álamo Arce, David. (2023). Rehabilitation in Sleep, Pain, and Bladder Symptoms of NESA Neuromodulation Application in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Innovative Treatment. CPQ Medicine Journal, 15(1). https://www.cientperiodique.com/article/CPQME-15-1-439.pdf
  6. Medina-Ramírez, R., Mallol Soler, M., García, F., Pla, F., Báez-Suárez, A., Teruel Hernández, E., Álamo-Arce, D. D., & Quintana-Montesdeoca, M. d. P. (2024). Effects in sleep and recovery processes of NESA neuromodulation technique application in young professional basketball players: A preliminary study. Stresses, 4(2), 238-250. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020014
  7. Bonilla-Eizaguirre, M., Martín, M., Hernández-Pérez, A., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Báez-Suárez, A. (2024). Efficacy of NESA non-invasive neuromodulation in patients with post-traumatic cervicalgia. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 11(10), 474. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI
  8. Vega-Delgado, N., García-Rodríguez, I., Saldanha, L., Báez-Suárez, A., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Álamo-Arce, D., Hernández-Pérez, A., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2024). New frontier in sleep disorders: The rising of an innovative non-invasive neuromodulation treatment. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 11(15), 49. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2024.11150049P
  9. Báez-Suárez, A., Báez-Suárez, V., Saldanha, L., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Hernández-Pérez, A., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2025). Improving Sleep Quality and Well-Being in Institutionalized Older Adults: The Potential of NESA Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Treatment. Geriatrics, 10(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10010004
  10. VASCULAR Front. Physiol Acute sonographic changes in common carotid artery after NESA neuromodulation intervention in healthy adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1526236
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2025.1526236/abstract
  11. PAIN Azevedo, N., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2025). Pain and the autonomic nervous system: The role of non-invasive neuromodulation with NESA microcurrents. Frontiers in Pain Research, 6, Article 1410808. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2025.1410808

CONFERENCES

  1. Molina, F., Medina-Ramírez, R., Báez, A. Álamo-Arce, DD. (2020). Recuperación exitosa de un Síndrome Regional Complejo a través de la electroterapia de neuromodulación del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo. 58o Congreso SERMEF. Mallorca, España.http://hdl.handle.net/10553/114084
  2. Medina-Ramírez. (2021). ¿Los deportistas profesionales tienen una óptima calidad del sueño?Aprender a dormir, una asignatura pendiente. XXIX Reunión Anual de la Sociedad Española del Sueño, España.

  3. Medina-Ramírez, RI., Molina, F., Medina-Ramírez, R., Báez, A. Álamo-Arce. Tecnología NESA. Un nuevo tratamiento revolucionario en fisioterapia. Macaronesian Researcher`s night. In Horizonte 2020 Congress. 2020. Las Palmas, Spain.
  4. Lledó-Amat, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., Álamo-Arce, & Arteaga-Ortiz, R. (2021). Efectos de la Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA en el tratamiento de secuelas de Ictus: A propósito de un caso. Congreso Nacional de Fisioterapia de la UMH, España.

  5. Lledó-Amat, M., ancho-Francés, A., Medina-Ramírez, & Álamo-Arce, D. (2021). Tratamiento de la neuralgia del trigémino con Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA: A propósito de un caso. Congreso Nacional de Fisioterapia de la UMH, España.

  6. Medina-Ramírez, R., & Roman, T. (2021). Efectos de la Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA en el tono muscular, el dolor y el sueño, en pacientes bruxistas.Aprender a dormir, una asignatura pendiente. XXI reunión Anual de la Sociedad Española del Sueño, España.

  7. Contreras, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. I. (2021). Caso clínico de neuromodulación superficial aplicada (NESA) en pacientes con Esclerosis Múltiple. Congreso de fisioterapia nacional UMH, España

  8. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., & Moreno, A. (2022). Potenciando la fisioterapia invasiva a través del sistema nervioso autónomo. I JORNADA PRESENCIAL Fisioterapia invasiva. Barceona, Spain.
  9. Cano-Uceda, A. Aparicio-Montero, P. Medina-ramírez, R. (2023) Effectiveness of non-invasive neuromodulation in improving sleep quality and stress in physiotherapy students. Multicenter study. In SPRM Congress 2023. Colombia.

  10. Molina-Cedrés, F., González, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2022). Combining physiotherapy techniques: Treatment of plantar fasciitis with NESA neuromodulation and electrolysis. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.
  11. Contreras, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Molina-Cedrés. (2022). Nesa Non-invasive neuromodulation; a chance to approach Sclerosis Multiple symptoms. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.
  12. Báez-Suárez, A., Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, Padrón, I., Montesdeoca, M. del P., Castellano, E., & González, E. (2022). Can microcurrents help children with neurodevelopmental disorders with their defecation and sleep quality problems? The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.
  13. Ruíz-lópez, K., González, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2023). NESA Neuromodulation in pelvic floor and uroginecology. I NESAevent Internacional Conference. I NESAevent Internacional Conference, Madrid, Spain.
  14. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., Báez-Suárez, A., Álamo Arce, D., & Mallol-Soler, M. (2022). Improving sleep quality: The new frontier of physical therapy neuromodulation of the autonomic nervous system. Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia de Cataluña. Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain.
  15. Báez-Suárez, A., Pestana-Miranda,R. Álamo-Arce, D. Martín-Castillo, E., Medina-Ramírez, R.(2020). Effectiveness of non-invasive neuromodulation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders to improve constipation and sleep quality. In SPRM Congress. Belgrade, Serbia.
  16. Zamorano, E., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2022). Face to Face. Neuromodulación percutánea versus no invasiva (sistemas inductivos de alta intensidad y NESA). V Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia Invasiva. V Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia Invasiva, Madrid, Spain.

Other neuromodulation research on the nervous system from the peripheral nerve pathways:

Microneurography as a tool in clinical neurophysiology: This study highlights the capacity of microneurography to investigate peripheral neuronal traffic, providing direct information on the neuronal control of autonomous effector organs, such as blood vessels and sweat glands, which are crucial for understanding the mechanisms of peripheral neuromodulation (Mano, Iwase and Toma, 2006).

Peripheral autonomic neuropathy: Diagnostic contribution of skin biopsy: This research emphasises the use of skin biopsy to determine the morphology of sympathetic fibres and diagnose autonomic neuropathy, illustrating the relevance of peripheral tissue studies in neuromodulation (Donadio et al., 2012).

The autonomic nervous system as a target for risk stratification, outcome prediction and neuromodulation in ischaemic stroke: This study analyses the prognostic importance of autonomic nervous system function in ischaemic stroke and explores the therapeutic possibilities of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in the treatment of stroke. VNS has demonstrated its potential in both preclinical and clinical settings due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects mediated by α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (Carandina et al., 2021).

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) as a potential therapeutic application for neurodegenerative disorders – A focus on dysautonomia in Parkinson’s disease: This article examines the role of the vagus nerve in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and the potential of tVNS to modulate autonomic dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders. The study highlights the importance of early detection and vagus nerve neuromodulation in the treatment of the first symptoms of the disease, such as dysautonomia (Ko, 2021).

Neuromodulation for functional diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract: This mini-review analyses different neuromodulation methods, including direct electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves such as the vagus nerve and non-invasive/transcutaneous electrical stimulation, focusing on their applications in the treatment of diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis (Chen, 2023).

REFERENCES PAPERS

  1. García F, Fernández D, Vázquez-Guerrero J, et al. (2022) Recovery of the physiological status in professional basketball players using NESA neuromodulation treatment during different types of microcycles in season: A preliminary randomized clinical trial.Frontiers in Physiology. 2022;13.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.1032020
  2. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., Báez-Suárez, A., & Álamo-Arce, D. (2021). Nesa Non-Invasive Neuromodulation; A New Frontier of Treatment of the Autonomous Nervous System in Physiotherapy. 4.DOI: https://www.cientperiodique.com/article/CPQOS/5/4/97

  3. Teruel-Hernández, E., López-Pina, J. A., Souto-Camba, S., Báez-Suárez, A., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Gómez-Conesa, A. (2023). Improving sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and cognitive function in patients with dementia by therapeutic exercise and NESA neuromodulation: A multicenter clinical trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(21), 7027. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20217027

  4. Báez-Suárez, A., Padrón-Rodríguez, I., Castellano-Moreno, E., González-González, E., Quintana-Montesdeoca, M. P., & Medina-Ramirez, R. I. (2023). Application of non-invasive neuromodulation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders to improve their sleep quality and constipation. BMC Pediatrics, 23(1), 465. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04307-4

  5. Contreras, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., Teruel-Hernandez, E., Vilchez-Barrera, M., Báez-Suárez, A., & Álamo Arce, David. (2023). Rehabilitation in Sleep, Pain, and Bladder Symptoms of NESA Neuromodulation Application in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Innovative Treatment. CPQ Medicine Journal, 15(1). https://www.cientperiodique.com/article/CPQME-15-1-439.pdf
  6. Medina-Ramírez, R., Mallol Soler, M., García, F., Pla, F., Báez-Suárez, A., Teruel Hernández, E., Álamo-Arce, D. D., & Quintana-Montesdeoca, M. d. P. (2024). Effects in sleep and recovery processes of NESA neuromodulation technique application in young professional basketball players: A preliminary study. Stresses, 4(2), 238-250. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4020014

  7. Bonilla-Eizaguirre, M., Martín, M., Hernández-Pérez, A., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Báez-Suárez, A. (2024). Efficacy of NESA non-invasive neuromodulation in patients with post-traumatic cervicalgia. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 11(10), 474. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI

  8. Vega-Delgado, N., García-Rodríguez, I., Saldanha, L., Báez-Suárez, A., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Álamo-Arce, D., Hernández-Pérez, A., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2024). New frontier in sleep disorders: The rising of an innovative non-invasive neuromodulation treatment. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 11(15), 49. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2024.11150049P

  9. Báez-Suárez, A., Báez-Suárez, V., Saldanha, L., Vílchez-Barrera, M., Hernández-Pérez, A., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2025). Improving Sleep Quality and Well-Being in Institutionalized Older Adults: The Potential of NESA Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Treatment. Geriatrics, 10(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10010004

  10. VASCULAR Front. Physiol Acute sonographic changes in common carotid artery after NESA neuromodulation intervention in healthy adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1526236
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2025.1526236/abstract

  11. PAIN Azevedo, N., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2025). Pain and the autonomic nervous system: The role of non-invasive neuromodulation with NESA microcurrents. Frontiers in Pain Research, 6, Article 1410808. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2025.1410808

CONFERENCES

  1. Molina, F., Medina-Ramírez, R., Báez, A. Álamo-Arce, DD. (2020). Recuperación exitosa de un Síndrome Regional Complejo a través de la electroterapia de neuromodulación del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo. 58o Congreso SERMEF. Mallorca, España.http://hdl.handle.net/10553/114084

  2. Medina-Ramírez. (2021). ¿Los deportistas profesionales tienen una óptima calidad del sueño?Aprender a dormir, una asignatura pendiente. XXIX Reunión Anual de la Sociedad Española del Sueño, España.

  3. Medina-Ramírez, RI., Molina, F., Medina-Ramírez, R., Báez, A. Álamo-Arce. Tecnología NESA. Un nuevo tratamiento revolucionario en fisioterapia. Macaronesian Researcher`s night. In Horizonte 2020 Congress. 2020. Las Palmas, Spain.

  4. Lledó-Amat, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., Álamo-Arce, & Arteaga-Ortiz, R. (2021). Efectos de la Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA en el tratamiento de secuelas de Ictus: A propósito de un caso. Congreso Nacional de Fisioterapia de la UMH, España.

  5. Lledó-Amat, M., ancho-Francés, A., Medina-Ramírez, & Álamo-Arce, D. (2021). Tratamiento de la neuralgia del trigémino con Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA: A propósito de un caso. Congreso Nacional de Fisioterapia de la UMH, España.

  6. Medina-Ramírez, R., & Roman, T. (2021). Efectos de la Neuromodulación no invasiva NESA en el tono muscular, el dolor y el sueño, en pacientes bruxistas.Aprender a dormir, una asignatura pendiente. XXI reunión Anual de la Sociedad Española del Sueño, España.

  7. Contreras, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. I. (2021). Caso clínico de neuromodulación superficial aplicada (NESA) en pacientes con Esclerosis Múltiple. Congreso de fisioterapia nacional UMH, España

  8. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., & Moreno, A. (2022). Potenciando la fisioterapia invasiva a través del sistema nervioso autónomo. I JORNADA PRESENCIAL Fisioterapia invasiva. Barceona, Spain.

  9. Cano-Uceda, A. Aparicio-Montero, P. Medina-ramírez, R. (2023) Effectiveness of non-invasive neuromodulation in improving sleep quality and stress in physiotherapy students. Multicenter study. In SPRM Congress 2023. Colombia.

  10. Molina-Cedrés, F., González, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2022). Combining physiotherapy techniques: Treatment of plantar fasciitis with NESA neuromodulation and electrolysis. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.

  11. Contreras, M., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Molina-Cedrés. (2022). Nesa Non-invasive neuromodulation; a chance to approach Sclerosis Multiple symptoms. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.

  12. Báez-Suárez, A., Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, Padrón, I., Montesdeoca, M. del P., Castellano, E., & González, E. (2022). Can microcurrents help children with neurodevelopmental disorders with their defecation and sleep quality problems? The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine Conference. The International Society for Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.

  13. Ruíz-lópez, K., González, M., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2023). NESA Neuromodulation in pelvic floor and uroginecology. I NESAevent Internacional Conference. I NESAevent Internacional Conference, Madrid, Spain.

  14. Medina-Ramírez, R., Molina-Cedrés, F., Báez-Suárez, A., Álamo Arce, D., & Mallol-Soler, M. (2022). Improving sleep quality: The new frontier of physical therapy neuromodulation of the autonomic nervous system. Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia de Cataluña. Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain.

  15. Báez-Suárez, A., Pestana-Miranda,R. Álamo-Arce, D. Martín-Castillo, E., Medina-Ramírez, R.(2020). Effectiveness of non-invasive neuromodulation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders to improve constipation and sleep quality. In SPRM Congress. Belgrade, Serbia.

  16. Zamorano, E., & Medina-Ramírez, R. (2022). Face to Face. Neuromodulación percutánea versus no invasiva (sistemas inductivos de alta intensidad y NESA). V Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia Invasiva. V Congreso Internacional de Fisioterapia Invasiva, Madrid, Spain.

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